• • Sam Harris’s Failure to Formulate a Scientific Morality 
Ari Armstrong, The Objective Standard Objectivist author  | Harris’s acceptance of pleasure or happiness as the standard of moral value sets his entire moral theory on a faulty foundation. Aside from purely physical sensations, pleasure and happiness are, as Ayn Rand points out, emotional states, which are consequences of our values, not justifications for them. “Emotions are the automatic results of man’s value judgments integrated by his subconscious.” Thus, neither pleasure nor happiness can serve as the standard of moral value.   Published: 2013-01-06